THE GENEALOGY OF ADOLF HITLER' S PARENTS.

Hitler's father Alois Hitler (June 7,1837-January 3,1903) was the illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schickl'Gruber (42 years old and unmarried), whose family had lived in the area for generations.
By 1837, Alois was born in the hamlet of Strones, parish of Dollers'Heim, in the Waldviertel, an area in NorthWest Lower Austria. She refused to reveal who the child's father was, so he was named Alois  Schickl'Gruber and he word "illegitimate"was entered in place of the father's name. She cared for Alois in the house that she shared with her elderly father. The 3 Schickl'Gruber were joined after a while by Johann Georg Hiedler.
Maria Anna (April 15, 1795-January7, 1847), also, was born in the village of Strones, region of Arch'Duchy of Austria. She was the daughter of Theresia Pfeisinger (September7, 1769-November11, 1821), and farmer Johannes Schickl'Gruber. They were Catholics, and she was one of the couple's 11 children, only 6 of whom survived infancy. Maria Anna's early life was that of a poor peasant child in a rural forested area, in the NorthWest part of Lower Austria, NorthWest of Vienna.
Maria Anna's mother died when she was 26, and, she received an inheritance of 75 gulden, which she left invested in the Orphans' Fund until 1838. By that time it had more than doubled to 165 gulden in 15 years. At that time, a breeding pig cost 4 gulden, a cow 10-12 gulden and an entire Inn 500 gulden.
The village was very small and did not even have a church with a baptismal registry. Accordingly, Maria went to Doller'Sheim parish to record the birth. The same registry was altered  some 39 years later when, in 1876, Alois legitimized Johann Georg Hiedler as his father and his surname was changed to Hitler.
Illigetitimacy was common in Lower Austria; in some areas it reached up to 40% and as late as 1903 the figure was 24%, with the children normally legitimized at a later day.
On May10, 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Maria Anna, in the village of Doller'Sheim, 5 years after Alois was born.  Maria was 47 at the time of her marriage and her husband 50.
The village of Doller'Sheim, situated in the March of Austria, was a SouthEastern frontier of the Roman Empire created in 976CE out of the territory on the border with the Kingdom of Hungary. Originally under the over-lord-ship of the Dukes of Bavaria, it was ruled by the Franconian Baben'Berg dynasty.
Adolf Hitler ordered in 1938, after the annexation of Austria to Nazi Germany, that Doller'Sheim, Zwettl. Allent'Steig, and several other smaller neighboring villages to be evacuated in favor of a large military training area. The reason of the area's selection was its relatively sparse population, poor soils and consequently low agricultural yields, lack of industry, and from a military point of view, its very severe winter weather conditions.
Maria Anna's nature is described by some writers as being a "thrifty (avoiding wasteful or avoidable expenditure), reserved, and exceptionally shrewd (intelligent and worldly wise, clever and truthful) peasant woman.
Maria Anna died of tuberculosis during the 6th year (1847) of her marriage, at the age of 51 in Klein-Motten where she was living with her husband. She was buried at the parish church in Doller'Sheim. After the annexation of Austria to Nazi Germani in 1938, a search failed to find her grave so she was given an "honor grave" next to the church wall. In 1942, this area became part of the artillery training area and the local inhabitants were moved out. Military training continued under the Soviets after 1945, and also under the Austrian Army until about 1985, by which time most of the towns and villages were in ruins. The church at Doller'Sheim is now preserved and undergoing reconstruction. The cemetery is being tended, but there is no grave marker there now for Maria Anna Schickl'Gruber.
Johann Georg Hiedler (baptized February28, 1792-February9, 1857) was from Spital (part of Weitra), Austria, and made his living as an itinerant journeyman miller. A journeyman was a skilled worker who had successfully completed an official apprenticeship in a building trade or craft. Johann became the legal stepfather of Alois and his name was added to Alois's birth certificate later in his life and was officially accepted as the father of Alois to any legal matters. Whether he was in fact Alois' father is disputed by modern historians.
The first castle at Weitra, Austria, from where Alois's stepfather came, was established in 1201 by the Austrian noble Hadmar II of Kuenring, holder of Durn'Stein castle, where King Richard the Lion'Heart had been imprisoned in winter 1192-93.
The Kuering family of 'ministerialis' (raised up from peasants level to be placed in positions of power and responsibility) fell from grace after the extinction of the ruling House of Baben'Berg in 1246, as they had sided with King Ottokar II of Bohemia against the rising Habs'Burg dynasty.
When Maria Anna died, Alois, her only son, was 10. At that specific moment in his short period of life, he was sent to live with his step father brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, who owned a farm in Spital. Alois attended school there and took lessons in shoe-making from a local cobbler.
At the age of 13 he left the farm and went to Vienna as an apprentice cobbler, working there for about 5 years. In response to a recruitment drive by the Austrian government offering employment in the civil service to people from rural areas, Alois joined the frontier guards (custom service) of the Austrian Finance Ministry in 1855 at the age of 18. The work involved frequent reassigments and he served in a variety of places across Austria.
By 1860, he reached the rank of 'Revenue guard superintendent.' He later became an inspector of customs posted at Braunau in 1875. He eventually rose to full inspector of customs and could go no higher because he lacked the necessary school degrees.
As a rising young junior custom official, he used his birth name of Schickl'Gruber, but in mid-1876, thirty nine years old and well established in his career, he asked permission to use his stepfather's family name. His birth certificate was amended and the civil authorities automatically processed the decision. The official change was registered at the government office in Mistel'Bach in 1877 and transformed him into "Alois Hitler." It is not known who decided on the spelling of "Hitler" instead of "Hiedler."
In early 1869 Alois had an affair with Thekla Penz (born September 24, 1844) of Leopold'Stein, Arbe'Bach in the district of Zwettel, Lower Austria. This led to the birth of Theresia Penz on October 31, 1869. Thekla later married a man by the name of Horner, while Theresia married Johan Ramer and produced at least 6 children while living in the Town of Schwert'Berg.
Alois was 36 years old when he married for the 1st time. Anna Glasl-Horer was a wealthy 50-year-old daughter of a custom official. She was sick when they married and was either an invalid or became one shortly afterwards.
Not long after the marriage, Alois hired Klara Polzl as a household servant. She was the 16-year-old granddaughter of his stepfather, Nepomuk.
At the same time Alois began an affair with Franziska "Fanni" Matzels'Berger, one of the young female servants employed at the Pommer Inn, in the city of Braunau Inn, a town in Upper Austria on the border with Germany, where he was renting the top floor as a lodging. Alois had numerous affairs in the 1870s, resulting in his wife initiating legal action. On November 7, 1880, Alois and Anna became separated by mutual agreement. The 19-year-old Matzels'Berger became the girlfriend of the 43-year-old Alois. She demanded him that the servant girl, Klara Polzl find another job, and Alois sent Polzl away.
On January 13, 1882, Matzels'Berger gave birth to Alois's illegitimate son. Since they were not married, the child's name was Alois Matzels'Berger. Alois kept Matzels'Berger as his girlfriend while his lawful wife, Anna, grew sicker and died on April 6, 1883. A month after the funeral, on May 22 Alois married Matzels'Berg at a ceremony in Braunau with fellow custom officials as witnesses. Alois was 45 and Franzisca 22. He then legitimized his son as Alois Hitler, Jr. His 2nd child, Angela, was born on July 28, 1883.
Alois was secure in his profession and no longer an ambitious climber. He was hard, unsympathetic, and short-tempered guy. Franziska, still only 23, acquired a lung disorder and became too ill to function. She was moved to Ranshofen, a small village near Braunau. During the last months of her life, Klara Polzl returned to Alois' home to look after the invalid and the 2 children (Alois Jr and Angela). Franziska died in Ranshofen on August 10, 1884, at the age of 23. After the death of his 2nd wife, Polzl remained in his home as housekeeper.
Klara Polzl was soon to be pregnant by Alois. Assuming that his step-uncle was the real brother of his biological father, Klara was Hitler's half-niece. If his biological father was Johann Georg, she was then his first-cousin. Because of the affidavit, Alois couldn't marry her until his position as a cousin had to be legally removed. He submitted an appeal to the church for a humanitarian waiver. Permission came, and on January 7, 1885 a wedding was held at Alois rented rooms on the top floor of the Pommer Inn.
A meal was served for the few guests and witnesses. Alois then went to work for the rest of the day. Even Klara found the wedding to be a short ceremony.
On May 17, 1885, five months after the wedding, Klara gave birth to her 1st child, Gustav. A year later, on September 25, 1886, she gave birth to a daughter, Ida.
In 1887 diphtheria struck Alois household, resulting in the death of both Gustav, and Ida. Klara had been Alois' wife for 3 years and both of her children were death. Alois still had Alois Jr. and Angela from his previous relationship with Franziska Matzels'Berger.
On April 20, 1889, she gave birth to another son, Adolf. He was a sickly child, and his mother fretted over him. Alois was 51 when he was born. Alois had little interest in child rearing and left it all to his wife. When not at work he was either in a tavern or busy with his hobby, keeping bees.
In June 1892, Otto was born but died days later. Alois was transferred from Braunau to Passau. He was 55, Klara 32, Alois 10, Angela 9, and Adolf 3 years old.
On August 1, the family was living at Theresienstr. One month after Alois accepted a better paying position in Linz. On April 1st, 1893, his wife and children moved to a 2nd floor room on Kapuzinerstr.
Klara had just given birth to Edmund, so it was decided that she and the children stay in Passau for the time being.
On January 21, 1896, Paula, Adolf's younger sister, was born. Now Alois was more often at home with his family. He had 5 children ranging in age from infancy to 14. Edmund died of measles on February 2nd, 1900. Alois wanted Adolf to seek a career in the civil service. Adolf became so alienated from his father that he was repulsed by whatever Alois wanted. Adolf sneered at the thought of a lifetime spent enforcing petty rules. Alois tried to browbeat Adolf into obedience while his son did his best to be the opposite of whatever Alois wanted. One of the closest friends of the family noted that Alois was rough with his wife, Klara, and hardly ever spoke a word to her at home. If he was in a bad mood, he picked on the older children or Klara herself, in front of them, and used to beat them. After Alois and his oldest son Alois Jr had a climatic and violent argument, Alois Jr left home, and his father swore he would never give the boy a penny of inheritance beyond what the law required.
In February 1895, Alois purchased a house on a 9 acre (36,000 m2) plot in Hafeld near Lam'Bach, 30 mi/48 km SouthWest of Linz. He moved his family to the farm and retired on June 25, 1895 at the age of 58 after 40 years in the customs service. He found farming difficult; he lost money, and the value of the property declined.
On the morning of January 3rd 1903, Alois went to Gasthaus Wiesinger as usual to drink his morning glass of wine. He was offered the newspaper and promptly collapsed. He was taken to an adjoining room and a doctor was summoned, but Alois died at the Inn from pleural hemorrhage.
Adolf was 13 when his father died. When he saw the body of his dead father he burst out into an uncontrollable weeping.
Hitler's ancestry came into question when his opponents began spreading rumors that his paternal tree was Jewish since one of Nazism's major principles was that to be considered a pure "Aryan" and one had to have a documented ancestry certificate.
Adolf, following the rumors, in 1931 ordered the SS (Schutzstaffel) to investigate the alleged rumors regarding his ancestry; they found no evidence of any Jewish ancestors.
Although Johann Georg Hiedler was considered the official paternal grandfather of Adolf by the Third Reich, the question of who his grandfather was has caused much speculation and has remained unknown.

WHO WAS PARACELSUS?

Paracelsus, byname of Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim (Nov11/Dec17 1493-Sept 24, 1541) was born and raised in the village of Einsiedeln in Switzerland. Around 1529, he officially adopted the name Paracelsus (above or beyond Celsus), reflecting the fact that he regarded his views as even greater than Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a renowed 1st century Roman medical writer.
He was the only son of Wilhelm Bombast Von Hohenhein, a Swabian (German) chemist and physician. His mother was a Swiss and presumably died in his childhood. In 1502 the family moved to Vilach, Carinthia in Southern Austria, where his father worked as a physician, attending to the medical needs of the pilgrims. Paracelsus attended the Berg'Schule, founded by the wealthy Fugger family of merchant bankers of Augs'Burg, where his father taught chemical theory and practice, and at home,
Paracelsus was educated by his father in botany, medicine, mineralogy, and natural philosophy.
Youngsters were trained at the Berg'Schule as oversees and analysts for mining operations in gold, tin, and mercury, as well as in iron, copper, alum, and copper-sulfate ores.
The young Paracelsus learned of metals that grow in the earth, watched the transformations of metallic constituents in smelting vats, and the transmutation of lead into gold, a conversion believed to be possible by the alchemists of the time. Those experiences gave Paracelsus insight into metallurgy and chemistry, which likely laid the foundations of his later remarkable discoveries in the field of chemotherapy.
In 1507 he joined the many wandering youths who traveled throughout Europe seeking famous teachers at one university after another. He is said to have attended the universities of Basel, Tubingen, Vienna, Witten'Berg, Leipzig. Heidel'Berg, and Cologne during the next 5 years but was disappointed with them all. He wrote later that he wondered how "the high colleges managed to produce so many high asses," a typical Paracelsian jibe. He upset the traditional attitudes of schoolmen. He wrote, "the universities do not teach all things, so a doctor must seek out old wives, gypsies, sorcerers, wandering tribes, old robbers, and such outlaws and take lessons from them. A doctor must be a traveller ... Knowledge is experience." Paracelsus held that the crude language of the innkeeper, the barber, and the teamster had more real dignity and common sense than the dry scholasticism of Aristotle, Galen of Pergamum, and Avicenna, the recognized Greek and Arab medical authorities of his day.
He received also a profound humanistic and theological education from local clerics and the convent school of St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal. He specifically accounts for being tutored by Johannes Trithemius, abbot of Sponheim.
- Johannes Trithemius (1February1462-13December 1516) was a German Benedictine abbot and a polymath (having learned much) active in the German Renaissance as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and paranormal knowledge. His students included Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and Paracelsus. When he was still an infant his father died. His stepfather was hostile to education and thus Johannes could only learn in secrecy and with many difficulties. He learned Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. When he was 17 years old he escaped from his home and wandered around looking for good teachers, traveling to Trier, Cologne, the Netherlands and Heidelberg.
The byname Trithemius refers to his native town of Trittenheim on the Moselle River, at the time part of the Electorate of Trier. It was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed from the end of the 9th to the early 19th century. It consisted of the temporal possessions of the prince-archbishop of Trier also prince-elector of the empire. There were only 2 other ecclesiastical prince-electors in the Empire: the Electorate of Cologne and the Electorate of Mainz, among which Mainz ranked first.
Paracelsus is said to have graduated in medicine in 1510, from the University of Vienna. He then went for a doctoral degree to the University of Ferrara in Italy, where he was free to express his rejection of the prevailing view that the stars and the planets controlled all the parts of the human body. Soon after taking his degree, he set out upon many years of wandering through almost every country in Europe, including England, Ireland, and Scotland. He took part in the Netherlandish Wars as an army surgeon. Later he went to Russia, was held captive by the Tartars, escaped into Lithuania, and went South into Hungary. In 1521 he again served as an army surgeon in Italy. His wanderings eventually took him to Egypt, Arabia, the Holy Land, and, finally, Constantinople. Everywhere he went, he sought out the most learned exponents of practical alchemy, not only to discover the most effective means of medical treatment but also to discover "the latent forces of Nature," and how to use them.
Paracelsus was a contemporary of Copernicus, Leonardo da Vinci, and Martin Luther. In 1524 Paracelsus returned to his home in Villach to find that his fame for many cures had preceded him. He was subsequently appointed town physician and lecturer in medicine at the University of basel in Switzerland, and students from all parts of Europe went to the city to hear his lectures. Pinning a program of his forthcoming lectures to the notice board of the university on June, 1527, he invited not only students but anyone and everyone. He was compared with Luther because his ideas were different from the mainstream and partly because of openly defiant acts against the existing authorities in medicine. Paracelsus rejected the comparison. Famously Paracelsus said, "I leave it to Luther to defend what he says and I will be responsible for what I say. That which you wish to Luther, you wish also to me: You wish us both in the fire."
Three weeks later, on June 24, 1527, Paracelsus reportedly burned the books of Avicenna, the Arab "Prince of Physicians," and those of the Greek physician Galen, in front of the university.
Paracelsus is credited as providing the 1st clinical/scientific mention of the unconscious. In his work he writes: "Thus, the cause of the cerebrovascular disease, 'chorea', as a consequence of a rheumatic fever, is a mere opinion and idea, assumed by imagination, affecting those who believe in such a thing. This opinion and idea are the origin of the disease both in children and adults. In children the case is also imagination, based not on thinking but on perceiving, because they have heard or seen something. The reason is this: their sight and hearing are so strong that unconsciously they have fantasies about what they have seen or heard."
Paracelsus called for the humane treatment of the mentally ill (but was ignored for several centuries) as he saw them not to be possessed by evil spirits, but merely 'brothers' ensnared in a treatable malady.
Carl Gustav Jung (26July1875-6June1961), the Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist, studied Paracelsus intensively. His work further drew from alchemical symbolism as a tool in psychotherapy. Following Paracelsus' path, it was Jung who first theorized that the symbolic language of alchemy was an expression of innate but unconscious psychological processes.
Paracelsus reached the peak of his career at basel. He gave birth to clinical diagnosis and the administration of highly specific medicines. This was uncommon for a period heavily exposed to cure-all remedies. The Germ Theory was anticipated by him as he proposed that diseases were 'entities in themselves', rather than states of being. In his lectures, he stressed the healing power of nature and denounced the use of methods of treating wounds that prevented natural draining.
This specific empirical knowledge originated from his personal experience as an army physician in the Venetian wars. Paracelsus demanded that the application of cow dung, feathers and other concoctions to wounds be surrendered in favor of keeping the wounds clean, stating, "if you prevent infection, Nature will heal the wound all by herself." During his time as a military surgeon, Paracelsus was exposed to the crudity of medical knowledge at the time, when doctors believed that infection was a natural part of the healing process. He advocated for cleanliness and protection of wounds, as well as the regulation of diet. Popular ideas of the time opposed these theories and suggested sewing or plastering wounds.
He also attacked many other medical malpractices of his time, including the use of worthless pills, salves, infusions, balsams, fumigants, and drenches.
By the spring of 1528, he fell into a disrepute with local doctors, apothecaries, and magistrates. He left Basel and stayed at various places with friends and continued to travel for the next 8 years. During this time, he revised old manuscripts and wrote new treatises. With the publication of "Great Surgery Book" in 1536 he restored and even extended the revered reputation he had earned at Basel. He became wealthy and was sought by royalty.
In May 1538, at the zenith of that 2nd period of renown, Paracelsus returned to Villach again to see his father, only to find that his father had died 4 years earlier. In 1541 Paracelsus himself died in mysterious circumstances at the White Horse Inn, Salz'Burg, where he had taken up an appointment under the prince-archbishop, Duke Ernst of Bavaria.
Historians of syphilitic disease, a sexually transmitted infection, credit Paracelsus with the recognition of the inherited character of syphilis. In his first short pamphlet of syphilis treatment that was also the most comprehensive clinical description the period ever produced, he wrote a clinical description of syphilis in which he maintained that it could be treated by carefully measured doses of mercury. Similarly, he was the first to discover that the disease could only by contracted by contact.
Hippocrates (460-370BC) put forward the theory that illness was caused by an imbalance of the 4 humors: blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile. These ideas were further developed by Galen (September 129 AD-200/216) into an extremely 'influential' and 'highly persistent' set of medical beliefs that were to last until the mid-1850s. In opposition to this idea, Paracelsus believed in 3 humors: salt (representing stability), sulfur (representing combustibility), and mercury (representing liquidity); he defined disease as a separation of one humor from the other two. He believed that body organs functioned alchemically, that is, they separated pure from impure. The dominant medical treatments in Paracelsus' time were specific diets to help in the "cleansing of the putrefied juices" combined with purging and bloodletting to restore the balance of the 4 humors. Paracelsus supplement and challenged this view with his beliefs that illnesses was the result of the body being attacked by outside agents. He objected to excessive bloodletting, saying that the process disturbed the harmony of the system, and the blood could not be purified by lessening its quantity.
One of his most overlooked achievements was the systematic study of minerals and the curative powers of alpine mineral springs. His countless wanderings also brought him deep into many areas of the Alps, where such therapies were already practiced on a less common scale than today.

THE ORIGEN OF THE CAROLINGIAN DYNASTY.

The Carolingian Dynasty was a Frank'Ish noble family with origins in the Arnold or Pipp'Inid clans of the 7th CE. The dynasty is considered to have been founded by Arnold, Bishop of Metz, who wielded a great deal of power and influence in the Mero'Vingian kingdoms.
The name 'Carolingian' derives from the latin name of Charles Martel, 'Carolus.' The family consolidated its power in the late 8th CE, eventually making the offices of 'major of the palace' and 'Duke and Prince of the Franks' hereditary and becoming the real power behind the throne.
Charles Martel (688-22 Oct.741) was a Frankish statesman and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was 'de facto' ruler of France from 718 until his death. He was the son of Pepin of Herstal and his 2nd wife Alpaida. Pepin worked to establish his family, the Pippinids, as the strongest in France. He united all the Frankish realms by the conquest of Neustria and Burgundy in 687. Also increased the power of the Franks in foreign conflicts, by the subjugation of the Alemanni, the Frisians, and the Franconians. Pepin also began the process of 'evangelization' of Germany. His statesmanship was notable for the further diminution of Mero'Vingian royal authority, and for the acceptance of the undisputed right to rule for his family. Therefore, Pepin was able to name as heir, his grandson, Theudoald. But, this was not accepted by his powerful son Charles Martel, leading to a civil war after his death in which  Charles emerged victorious.
Charles was described as 'illegitimate,' but polygamy was a legitimate Frankish practice at the time. The idea of illegitimacy was derived of Pepin's 1st wife. Plectrude, and her desire to see her progeny as heirs to Pepin's power. Prior to Pepin's death in December 714, Plectrude urged him to designate Theudoald, his grandson by his late son Grimoald, his heir in his entire realm. The motion was entirely opposed by the nobles because Theudoald was a child of only 8 years of age. To prevent Charles using this unrest to his own advantage, she had him imprisoned in Cologne, preventing an uprising in Austrasia, but not in Neustria. Charles escaped from prison and was acclaimed Major by the nobles of the kingdom.
Between 718 and 723, Charles secured his power through a series of victories winning the loyalty of several important bishops and abbots by donating lands and money for the foundation of abbeys, such as the commune with town status of Lechternach in Eastern Luxem'Burg.
Having unified the Frankish under his banner, Charles was determined to punish the Saxons who had invaded Austrasia. He defeated them in the Teuto'Burg Forest, a range of low, forested hills in the today German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-West'Phalia. Although he did not trust the language of the non Christians, Aldegisel, a Frisian king, in the coastal region along the South Eastern corner of the North Sea in what today is mostly a large part of Netherlands, including modern Friesland and smaller part of Germany, accepted Christianity, and Charles sent Willibrord, a North'Umbriam bishop of Utrecht, to convert the people, he was later known as the 'Apostle of the Frisians.' Charles also did much to support, in his own language, Winfrid, later Boniface, the 'Apostle of the Germans.'
In 725 CE, Charles concentrated his attention to the Umayyads Caliphate, virtually for the remainder of his life. With the activity of the Muslims in Acquitane, Charles believed he needed a virtually full-time army -one he could train intensely- as a core of veteran Franks who would be augmented with the usual conscripts called up in time of war. During the Early Middle Ages, troops were only available after the crops had been planted and before harvesting time. To train the kind of infantry that could withstand the Muslim heavy cavalry, Charles needed them year-round, and he needed to pay them so their families could buy the food they would have otherwise grown. To obtain the money he seized church lands and property, and used the funds to pay his soldiers. The same Charles who had secured the support of the Christian Church by donating land, seized some of it back between 724 and 732 CE. Of course, Church officials were enraged, and, for a time, it looked as though Charles might even be punished by excommunication for his actions. But then came a significant invasion.
The Muslims were not aware, at that time, of the true strength of the Franks, or the fact that they were building a disciplined army instead of the typical barbarian hordes that dominated Europe after Rome's fall. The Arab awareness of the Franks as a growing military power came only after the Battle of Tours when the Caliph expressed shock at his army's catastrophic defeat.
Charles ability to coordinate infantry and cavalry veterans was unequaled in that specific era and enabled him to face superior numbers of invaders, and to decisively defeat them again and again.
In 736-737, Muslims knew that the Franks were a real power, and that Charles personally was a force to be reckoned with. They had no intention of allowing Charles to catch them unaware and dictate the time and place of battle, as it was before. Unfortunately, Muslims overestimated the time it would take Charles to developed heavy cavalry equal to that of the Muslims. Caliphate believed it would take a generation, but Charles managed it in 5 years. Charles again championed Christianity and halted Muslim expansion into Europe.
In 739 CE, Pope Gregory III begged Charles for his aid against Liutprand, but Charles was loath to fight his onetime ally and ignored the Papal plea. This begging showed how far Charles had come from the days he was tottering on excommunication, and set the stage for his son and grandson to rearrange Italian political boundaries to suit the Papacy, and protect its interest.
Charles Martel died on October 22, 741 in France. He strengthened the Frankish state by consistently defeating, through superior generalship, the host of hostile foreign nations which beset it on all sides, including the non- Christian Saxons, whom his grandson Charlemagne would fully subdue, and Moors, whom he halted on a path of continental domination. Charles was the absolute ruler of the virtually all of today's continental Western Europe North of the Pyrynees. Only the remaining Saxon realms, which he partly conquered, Lombardy, and the Marca Hispanica North of the Pyrynees were significant additions to the Frankish realms after his death.
He was also the founder of all feudal systems and merit system that marked the Carolingian Empire, and Europe in general during the Middle Ages, though his son and grandson would gain credit for his innovations.
Charles was a brilliant strategic general, who also was tactical commander par excellence, able in the heat of a battle to adapt his plans to his foe's forces and movements, and to defeat them repeatedly, especially when they were far superior in men and weaponry. Charles had the best quality which defines genuine greatness in a military commander: "he foresaw the dangers of his foes, and prepared for them with care; he used ground, time, place, and fierce loyalty of his troops to offset his foe's superior weaponry and tactics, and adapted again and again to the enemy on the battlefield, shifting to compensate for the unforeseen and unforeseeable."
Charles Martel cemented his place in history with his participation in the defense of the Christianity movement in Europe against a Muslim army. The Iberian Saracens (people who lived in the desert areas in and near the Roman province of Arabia, and who were specifically distinguished as a people from others known as Arabs), had incorporated Berber light-horse cavalry with the heavy Arab cavalry to create a formidable army that had almost never defeated. European forces, meanwhile, lacked the powerful tool of stirrup, a light frame or ring that holds the foot of a rider, attached to the saddle by a strap, greatly increasing the rider's ability to stay in the saddle and control the mount, increasing the animal's usefulness to the rider in warfare or any other areas such as transportation. In his victory, Charles earned the surname "Martel" ("The Hammer"), the paramount prince of his age.  
Though he never cared about titles, his son Pippin did, and finally asked the Pope: "Who should be King, he who has the title, or he who has the power?"
The Pope, highly dependent on Frankish armies for his independence from Lombards and Byzantine power, declared to him; "he who had the power" and immediately crowned Pippin.
Decades later, in 800 CE, Pippin's son Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the Pope,further extending the principle by delegitimizing the nominal authority of the Byzantine Emperor in the Italian Peninsula and ancient Roman Gaul, including the Iberian outposts Charlemagne had established in the Marca Hispanica across the Pyrenees, what today forms Catalonia. The bulk of the Western Roman Empire had come under Carolingian rule.
He divided his realm between his adult sons, without opposition, a year earlier:
- Carlo'Man he gave Austrassia, Alemannia, and Thuringia,
- Pippin the Younger he gave Neustria, Burgundy, Provence, and Metz and Trier in the 'Mosel Duchy;' to - Grifo was given several lands throughout the kingdom, just before Charles died.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz in France, part of the Holy Roman Empire, was an independent state (prince-bishopric) in the Middle Ages, ruled by the price-bishop who had the ex officio title of 'Count.' It was annexed to France by King Henry II in 1552, and recognized in the 'Peace of West-Phalia of 1648.
Metz already was a bisphoric by 535 CE and the Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains, a pre-medieval church building, began its life as a Roman 'Gymnasium' (type of school), for a Roman spa complex, in the 4th CE. In the 7th CE, the structure was converted into a church, becoming the chapel of a Benedictine monastic community. Each monastery, priory or abbey within the Order maintained its own autonomy. A new nave was constructed in the 11th CE with further interior renovations. In the 16th CE, the building became a warehouse, and remained at such until the 1970s when it was restored and opened for concerts and exhibitions.
The 'Graoully' is depicted as a fearsome dragon, vanquished by, according to a legend, the supernatural powers of Clement of Metz, the 1st Bishop of the city. The Graoully quickly became a symbol and can be seen in numerous insignia of the city from the 10th CE on.
According to tradition, constructed much later to lend more antiquity to the diocese, Clement was sent by the Apostle Peter during the 1st century, with 2 disciples: Celestius de Metz and Felix de Metz, and listed as his successors. This legend also states that Clement was the uncle of Pope Clement.
The legend states that the Graoully, along with countless other snakes, inhabited the local Roman Amphitheater. The snakes' breath had so poisoned the area that the inhabitants of the town were trapped in the town. After the collective belief that the local inhabitants were turning themselves to Christianity with the common purpose of getting rid of the dragon, Clement presented himself to the assembly of serpents and made the sign of the cross after the snakes attacked him. They immediately were tamed by this. Clement led the Graoully to the edge of the Seille Lorraine River, North Eastern of France, and ordered him and his assembly of snakes to disappear into a place where there were no men or beasts. Orius, the king, did not convert to Christianity by heart, after Clement tamed the dragon. However, when the king's daughter died, Clement brought her back from the dead, thereby resulting in the king's conversion.
In 1648 CE, Metz was part of the province of the Three Bihoprics of pre-revolutionary France. They consisted of the dioceses of Metz, Verdun, and Toul within the Lorraine region. Lorraine's predecessor, Lotharingia, was an independent Carolingian kingdom under the rule of Lothair II (855-869). Its land had originally been part of Middle France, created in 843 CE by the Treaty of Verdum, when the Carolingian empire was divided between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious.
The Carolingian Empire during the reign of Charlemagne covered most Western Europe, as the Roman Empire once had. He crushed all Germanic resistance and extended his realm to the Elbe, influencing events almost to the Russian Steppes.
Prior to the death of Charlemagne, the Empire was divided among various members of the Carolingian dynasty :
- Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne, who received Neustria. He died without heirs in 811 CE.
- Louis the Pious, who received Aquitaine, was made co-Emperor with Italy in 1813, and the entire Empire passed to him with Chalemagne's death in the winter of 814 CE. He established three new Carolingian Kingships for his sons from his 1st marriage: Lothar was made King of Italy and co-Emperor, Pepin was made King of Aquitaine, and Louis the German was made King of Bavaria.
His attempts in 823 CE to bring his 4th son, from his 2nd marriage, Charles the Bald into the will was marked by the resistance of his eldest sons, and the last year of his reign was plagued by civil war.
- Pepin, who received Italy. He died with an illegitimate son, Bernard, in 813 CE.
Lothar was stripped of his title in 829 CE and was banished to Italy. The following year his sons attacked Louis' empire and dethroned him in favor of Lothar. The following year Louis attacked Lothar's sons Kingdoms, stripped Lothar of his imperial title and granted the Kingdom of Italy to Charles. Pepin and Louis the German  revolted in 832 CE, followed by Lothar in 833 CE, and together they imprisoned Louis the Pious and Charles.
In 835 CE, peace was made within the family, and Louis was restored to the imperial throne. When Pepin died in 838 CE, Louis crowned Charles king of Aquitaine, while the nobility elected Pepin's son Pepin II, a conflict which was not restored until 860 CE with the death of Pepin II.
When Louis the Pious finally died in 840 CE, Lothar claimed the entire empire irrespective of the partitions. Charles and Louis the German went to war against him. After losing the conflict, Lothar fled to his capital at Aachen and raised a new army, which was inferior to that of the younger brothers.
In 842, in the Oats of Stras'Bourg (mutual pledges), Charles and Louis agreed to declare Lothar unfit for the imperial throne. This marked the East-West division of the Empire between Louis and Charles and was finally settled in 843 CE by and between Louis the Pious's 3 sons in the Treaty of Verdun.
The Oaths of Stras'Bourg is considered a milestone in European history because it symbolize the birth of France and Germany.

THE SOCIAL CLASS OF THE LANDED GENTRY.

The Landed Gentry is a largely British social class consisting of land owners who could live entirely from rental income. They often worked as administrators of their own lands. The decline of this privileged class largely stemmed from the 1870s agricultural depression caused by the dramatic fall in grain prices following the opening up of the American prairies for cultivation and the advent of cheap transportation with the rise of steamboats.
Britain's dependence on imported grain during the 1830s was 2%; during the 1860s it was 24%; during the 1880s it was 45%, for corn it was 65%. By 1914 Britain depended on imports for 4/5th  of her wheat and 40% of her meat.
Between 1809 and 1879, eighty eight per cent (88%) of British millionaires had been landowners; between 1880 and 1914 this figure dropped to 33% and fell further after the First World War.
During the first 3/4 of the 19th century, the British landed aristocracy were the wealthiest class in the world's richest country, but the vast increase in the carrying power of ships, the facilities of intercourse with foreign countries, and the further cheapening of cereals and meat meant that economically the old landed class were no longer 'lords of the earth.'
Many estates were sold or broken up. So devastating was this for the ranks formerly identified as being of the Landed Gentry that 'Burke's Land Gentry began, in the 20th century, to include families historically in this category who had ceased to own their ancestral lands. The focus of those who remained in this class shifted from the lands or estates themselves, to the stately home or 'family seat,' the principal residence, which was in many cases retained without the surrounding lands. Many of these buildings were purchased for the nation and preserved as monuments to the lifestyle of their former owners, partly because of the widespread destruction of country houses in the 20th century by owners who could no longer afford to maintain them.
The new born wealthy elite were no longer British aristocrats but American businessmen such as Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller and Andrew W. Mellon, who made their wealth from industry rather than land.
The Landed Gentry was distinct from, and socially 'below', the aristocracy or peer-age, that were able to become public, political and armed forces figures, although some of the Landed Gentry were as wealthy as some peers.
The designation 'Landed Gentry' originally referred exclusively to members of the upper class who were landlords and also commoners in the British sense, that is, did not hold hereditary titles (peer-age), but usage became more fluid over the time. By the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers such as the Duke of West-Minster who lived on landed states.
The term 'Landed Gentry,' came to be used on lesser nobility in England around 1540, in the sense that the definition began to fill the parts of what the other high definition of nobility lacked.
The term 'Gentry' included 4 separate groups:
- Baronets: a hereditary title, created in the 14th century and revived by King James in 1611, giving the holder the right to be addressed as 'Sir.'
- Knights: originally a military rank, this status was increasingly awarded to civilians as a reward for service to the Crown. Holders have the right to be addressed as 'Sir' as are baronets, but the title is not hereditary.
- Esquires: originally men aspiring to knighthood, were the principal attendants on a knight. A squire was the shield or armor bearer that at times acted as a knight's errant runner. After the Middle Ages the title became an honor that could be conferred  by the Crown, and by custom the holders of certain offices (barristers, lord mayor/mayor, justices of peace, and higher officer ranks in the armed services) were deemed to be Esquires.
- Gentlemen: possessors of a social status recognized as a separate title by the Statute of Additions of 1413. Generally men of high birth or rank, good social standing, and wealth, who did not need to work for a living, were considered gentlemen.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the names and families of those with titles (specifically peers and baronets, less often including the non-hereditary title of knight) were often listed in books or manuals known as 'Peer-ages,' 'Baronet-ages,' or combinations of these categories. As well as listing genealogical information, these books often also included details of the right of a given family to a coat of arms (shield, supporters, crest, and motto). The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units rather than individuals. Despite no widespread regulation, heraldry has remained consistent across Europe, where tradition alone has governed the design and use of arms.
In the 21st century, the term 'Landed Gentry' is still used, and the landowning class still exists, but it is increasingly refers more to historic than to current wealth or property in a family. Moreover, the deference which was once automatically given to members of this class by most British people has almost completely dissipated as its wealth, political power, and social influence has declined, and other social figures such as celebrities have grown to take their place in the public's interest.

THE DECREE OF THE GOLDEN BULL, 1356.

The Golden Bull of 1356 was a decree issued by the general assembly (Diet) of the various estates of the Roman realm that emerged from the earlier informal and irregular assemblies, known as 'Hoft-Age,' convened by the one of the Princes of the Empire with selected chief princes within the empire.
More precisely, it was the convention of the legal entities of the realm that, according to Feudal Law, had not authority above them besides the Prince or King of the Romans himself. The deputied convened occasionally at different cities, until in 1663 the Perpetual Diet was established at the Regens-Burg city hall.
Regens-Burg, one of the oldest Celtic settlements in South-East Germany, at the confluence of the Danube, Naab, and Regen Rivers, was the seat of a powerful ruling family known as the Agilol-Fings.
They ruled the Duchy of Bavaria on behalf of their Mero-Ving-Ian suzerians from about 550 until 788 CE. Gari-Bald I of Bavaria, stood at head of the Agilol-Fings and the Bavar-Ian Dynasty that ruled the Kingdom of the Lombards. He married Waldrada, the widow of Mero-Ving-Ian king Theude-Bald, in 555 CE, after her marriage to Lotha-Ir was annulled on grounds of consaguinity. As they had their fate intertwined with Mero-Ving-Ian dynasty, they opposed the rise of the Caro-Ling-Ian majordomes, the managers of the Frank-Ish king, the power behind the throne, in the North-Eastern kingdom of Austr-Asia, who finally deprived the Agilol-Fings of their power. The major of the palace held and wielded the real and effective power to make decisions affecting the kingdoms, while the kings had been reduced to performing merely ceremonial functions, which made them little more than figureheads (do-nothing kings). The office may be compared to that of the prime minister, all of which have similarly been the real powers behind a ceremonial monarch.
Regens-Burg remained as an important place during the reign of Charle-Magne. After the partition of the Caro-Ling-Ians in 843 CE, the city became the seat of the Eastern Frank-Ish ruler, Louis II the German. Two years later, 14 Bohem-Ian princes came to the city to receive 'baptism.' This was the starting point of 'Christianization of the Czechs,' and the diocese of Regens-Burg became the 'mother' diocese of Prague. These events had a wide impact on the history of the Czech lands, as they were now part of the Roman Catholic hand and not the Slavic-Orthodox world. A memorial plate located at the alleged place of the 'baptism,' St. John's Church, was unveiled a few years ago, commemorating the incident in the Czech and German languages.
The Decree of the Golden Bull of 1356 cemented the concept of 'territorial rule,' the largely and independent rule of the 'dukes' over their respective territories, and also limited the number of electors to seven. The Decree prescribed that 4 out of seven would always be suffice to elect a new king; as a result 3 electors could no longer block the election.
The Decree was the milestone in the establishment of largely independent states, a process to be concluded only centuries later, notably with the Peace of West-Phalia of 1648.
The Pope was never involved in the electoral process but only in the process of ratification and coronation of whomever the 'Prince-Electors' chose.

THE EVIL HAND BEHIND THE WORLD'S POLITICS.

The financial crisis of 1873 that triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries, had its first  symptoms in the Austro-Hungarian capital, Vienna, the largest city in Austria.
The unification of Germany as a nation state occurred on January 18, 1871, at the Versailles Palace in the Hall of Mirrors in France. Versailles was the 'seat of political power' in the Kingdom of France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved the royal court from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to Paris in October 1789, within 3 months after the beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancient Regime.
The Hall of Mirrors is the central gallery of the Versailles and the principal and most remarkable feature of Louis XIV's third building campaign of the Palace (1678-1684). The principal feature is the 17 mirror-clad arches that reflect the 17 arcaded windows to overlook the gardens. Each arch contains 21 mirrors with a total complement of 357 used in the decoration of the gallery. The arches themselves are fixed between marble pilasters whose gilded bronze capitals depict the symbols of France, the fleur-de-lys and the Gallic cockerel or rooster.
Princes of the German states gathered there to proclaim William I of Prussia as German Emperor after the French capitulation in the Franco-Prussian War. The transition had been planned for some time before the capitulation through alliances formal and informal between princely rulers. William was known for his anti-Catholicism and tough handling of subordinates, disguised in his polite, gentlemanly conservative, and more open to certain liberal ideas.
A liberalized incorporation law in the New Germany gave impetus to the foundation of new enterprises and the incorporation of already established ones. Euphoria over the military victory against France in 1871 and the influx of capital from the payment by France of war reparations fueled stock market speculation in railways, factories, docks, steamships -the same industrial branches that expanded unsustainable in the United States.
Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauen-Burg was a conservative Prussian who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s he engineered a series of wars that unified the German States, significantly and deliberately excluding Austria, into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership.  He remained as an undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost 20 years after 1871devoted himself conveniently, exclusively  and successfully, in maintaining "peace" between the powers.
Otto was born in Schon-Hausen, west Berlin, Prussian province of Saxony, formed by the merging of territories, which were formerly part of the Kingdom of Saxony and ceded to Prussia in 1815.
The House of Wet-Tin, a dynasty of counts, dukes, prince-electors and kings that once ruled Saxony and Thuringia for 1,000 years. The royal house, one of the oldest of Europe, can be traced back in time to the town of Wet-Tin, Saxony-Anhalt. Otto I (23 November 912 - 7 May 973) traditionally known as Otto I the Great, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 962 until his death in 973, was the older son of Henry I 'the Fowler' and Matilda.
Henry I 'the Fowler' was the first of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors and known to be the founder and 1st king of the medieval German state known as East Francia. An avid hunter, with the epithet 'the Fowler.' He was fixing his birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king. He was the son of Otto the Illustrious, Duke of Saxony, and his wife Hedwiga. Hedwiga's father was Henry of Franconia, the ancestral lord of a castle named Baben-Berg on the River Main, the longest River (527km/327mi) lying entirely in Germany, and the noble class ruling the House of Austria from 976 to 1246.
Henry of Franconia,  was the most important East Frankish general during the reign of Charles the Fat. East Francia was formed out of the division of the Carolingian Empire after the death of Emperor Louis the Pious, at the same time as West Francia and Middle Francia. The East-West division gradually hardened into the establishment of separate kingdoms, with East Francia becoming the Kingdom of Germany and West Francia the Kingdom of France.
Charles the Fat was the youngest of 3 sons of Louis the German, 1st King of East Francia, and Emma, a Welf. The Elder House of Welf or Wolf was a Frankish noble dynasty documented since the 9th century and closely related to the Carolingian dynasty. The ancestry of the Welf can be traced back to the Skirian prince Edeko (d.469), a confidant of King Attila the Hun, and to his son Odoacer, King of Italy from 476. They are known a the Scirri in the writings of Pliny the Elder, stating that the territory extending from the Vistula River, as far as Eningia, probably Finland, was inhabited by the Wends, the Scirri, and the Hirri. An incident of demonic possession is recorded in Charles the Fat's youth, in which he was said to have been foaming from his mouth before he was taken to the church's altar. This greatly affected his father and himself. Charles' father, Louis II was Charlesmagne's grandson, from whom he won special affection since his early years were spent at his grandfather court.
Otto Von Bismarck, using his ancestral background, started his political and financial control over Europe using as a starting point a career in law (1832-1833)at the University of Gottingen, founded in 1734 by George II, King of Great Britain, as a public comprehensive research university, in Germany. George II was born outside Britain in Northern Germany. His grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, became 2nd in line to the British throne after about 50 Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707, which restricted the succession to Protestants. After the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1774, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. Both of George's parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband. George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, then he learned German, English and Italian, and studied genealogy, military ancient history and battle tactics with particular diligence. This is the reason why the University of Gottingen was founded by him. He left the place putting his law studies in jeopardy in the pursuing of 2 English girls, none of whom he married.
At Gottingen, Otto befriended an American student John Lothrop Motley, who later became an eminent historian and diplomat. He remained close to Otto and in his novel Morton's Hope about life in a German university, he described Otto as a reckless and dashing eccentric, extremely gifted in his pursuing of power disguised as a charming and noble in spirit.
Then Otto Von Bismarck enrolled at the University of Berlin (1833-1835), founded in 1810 anchoring traditional subjects such as science, law, philosophy, history, theology, and medicine. In 1838, while he stationed as an army reservist in Greifswald, he studied agriculture .
Around the age of 30, Otto met a woman, Marie Von Thadden, married to one of his friends, with whom he formed an intense relationship. Under her influence, Otto became a Pietist Lutheran. At Marie's deathbed from typhoid he prayed for the first time since his childhood. He married Marie's cousin, a devout Pietist Lutheran with whom he produced 3 children.  In 1847, at 32 he was chosen to be a representative to the newly created Prussian legislature. From that specific time and until his death
he was just behind the curtains directing the course of Europe power and when he himself in his lasts years tried to write his autobiography he often increased the drama and presented himself in a favorable light. He was diagnosed with gangrene in his foot, but refused to accept treatment for it; as a result he had difficulty walking and was often confined to a wheelchair. After a painful stage due to his illness, he died on July 30, 1898, at the age of 83. He managed a posthumous snub by having his own sarcophagus inscribed with the words: "A loyal German of Emperor Wilhelm I."
Following unification, Germany became one of the most powerful nations in Europe. Otto's astute, cautious, and pragmatic foreign policies allowed Germany to 'peacefully' retain power, maintaining 'amiable' diplomacy with almost all European nations. France was the exception because of the consequences of the Franco-Prussian War over its monarchy and became one of Germany's most bitter enemies in Europe. Austria, too, was weakened by the unification of Germany, though to a much lesser extent than France. Otto believed that as long as Britain, Russia, and Italy, were assured of the 'peaceful nature' of the German unification, French belligerency could be contained. His diplomatic feats were undone, however, by Kaisser Wilhelm II, whose policies unified other European powers against Germany in time for World War I.
Otto was a demonic and genius who was deeply vengeful, even toward his closest friends and family members. His disguise and various postures, concealed an ice-cold contempt for his fellow human beings and a methodical determination to control and ruin them. His easy chat combined with blunt truths, partial revelations, and outright deceptions, was part of his charade in pursue of the greedy feeling of being in control.  He just enjoyed his extraordinary ability to see how groups react and the willingness to use violence to make them obey, the capacity to read group behavior and the supernatural force to make them move to his will. Altogether gave him the chance to feel the evil force that control world power and to exercise it in his sovereign-self.
Otto's spirit was intimidating and unscrupulous, playing to others, frailties, not their strengths. An ambivalent figure, a man of great and evil skills who was not able to leave on records a lasting system in place to guide successors less skilled than himself, being a committed monarchist himself.
Otto, an extraordinary fellow with a gifted sense of directness and lucidity,  allowed no effective constitutional check over the power invested in the Emperor, thus placing a time bomb in the foundation of the Germany that he himself created. During most of his nearly 30 years long tenure, Otto held undisputed control over government's policies. He was well supported by the war minister and personal friend, Albrecht Von Roon as well as the leader of the Prussian army, Helmuth Von Moltke, in facilitated the power he needed in his personal decisions over the steps taken to silence or restrain political opposition. This is evidently proved by the laws restricting the freedom of press, and the anti-socialist laws. He crafted a culture war against the Catholic Church until he realized that Catholic's conservatism could be used to make them natural allies against the Socialists.
Otto's ambition was to be assimilated into the mediatized houses of Germany. The mediatization was the major territorial restructuring that took place between 1802 and 1814 by means of mediatization and secularization of large number of imperial states. They were ecclesiastical principalities, free imperial cities, secular principalities and other minor self-ruling entities that lost their independent status and were absorbed into the remaining states. It came under relentless military and diplomatic pressure from revolutionary France and Napoleon. It constituted the most extensive redistribution of property and territories in German history prior to 1945. Germany before the 19th century did not coalesce into a relatively centralized nation like most of its neighbors did. Instead, the Holy Roman empire ended up a polyglot congeries of literally hundreds of nearly sovereign states and territories raging in size from considerable to minuscule. The traditional explanation for this fragmentation (ecclesiastical [136], secular lords [173], free imperial cities [85]) has focused on the gradual usurpation by the princes of the powers. Otto attempted to persuade Kaiser Wilhelm I that he should be endowed with the sovereign duchy of Lauen-Burg, in reward for his service to the imperial family and the German empire. This was on the understanding that Otto would immediately restore the duchy to Prussia; all he wanted was the status and privileges of a mediatized family for himself and his descendants. He was rejected by Kaiser Wilhelm II since he was informed about Otto's ambition. After being forced to resign at his position as a  Chancellor, he received the purely honorific title of "Duke of Lauen-Burg,"without the duchy itself and the sovereignty that would have transformed his family into a mediatized House. Otto regarded it as a mockery of his ambition, and he considered nothing more cruel than this action of the emperor.
Upon Otto's death in 1898 his dukedom, held only for his lifetime, became extinct.

THE QUEST OF THE OCCULT AND THE DOMINION OF THE WORLD.

The belief that all things have a spirit or soul, including animals, plants, rivers, mountains, stars, the moon, and the sun, concerned and dominated the human affairs around the globe since the prehistory era. This entities had their counterpart in spirit world and were capable of helping or harming human interests if the law that govern their nature and their functions were not followed with care and respect.
The today religions of the world evolved from the prehistoric"doctrine of souls"that arose from spontaneous reflection of the afterlife and the order in which Nature works and how its laws applied to us. We are free to choose between the laws that respect the order of things or our own laws that bring chaos and destruction of our own world.
The Thule Society was a German occultist group founded in Munich in 1912. It was named after a mythical spirit that the Greek explorer Pyth-Eas defined as the spirit of the land of the north. The description says that it was no longer a proper land nor sea, no air, but a sort of mixture of all three of the consistency of a jellyfish in which one can neither walk, nor sail, holding everything together.
The idea that the lost civilization of the Teutons had possessed psychic abilities that were far beyond the technical achievements of the 20th century and the belief that their race, the Aryans, were superior than any other race, linked all of them with the same spirit that moved them to go deep in the magical arts of the occultism with the aim of rediscover the secrets at any costs of this legendary civilization.
The Order was much more than an innocent study group. It was a secret brotherhood of prominent occultists. The different groups of believers were influenced variously by the Pythagorists, the Neoplatonics, the British mystic Madame Blavatsky, the Rosicrucians, Jacob Bohme, Paracelcus, etc.
One of its members founded a journal in 1902. In it they argued that the Jewish influences had contaminated Germany. Their aim was to coordinate the activities of the many small organizations active at that time and to bring as many as these as possible under its banner, the swastika facing counter-clockwise and the dagger, preaching racial purity and anti-semitism from mid-19th century.
Members were affluent and influential leading figures in Munich society: Rudolf Hess, Alfred Rosen-Berg, Hans Frank, Julius Lehman, Gott-Fried Feder, Dietrich Eckart, and Karl Harrer.
Before Hitler came into contact with the Thule society in 1919, the group had already been organizing public talks on various Celtic and Teutonic cultural topics for some time. However, the public was not aware of the real purpose of the group and what really took place at the secret meetings, to which only Thule members were invited.
In the rituals, light, color, rhythms, symbols, aromas, et., were used to focus mental powers and channels in a specific directions in order to find the portals formed in the magnetic field and use them as a means of communication with the underworld.
Women were scarcely represented in the Order, the higher level of initiation being reserved exclusively for men. Those wishing to join had to complete a questionnaire and submit a photograph, which was examined for purity of race.
The Order was not content merely with influencing material wealth through organizations covered up as Social and Non-profitable, the order was also politically active. When the Bavarian King was deposed and the communists took power in November 1918, the opulent meeting place of the Order, the luxury Four Seasons Hotel, became a centre of counter-revolutionary activities. The Order also set up a fighting division that took an active part in the power struggle during the revolution in Munich.
In April 1919, it enlisted volunteers, who were smuggled by train to participate in the attack against the communist regime from there. After the overthrown of the communist government in May 1919, the Order shifted its political activities to the field of propaganda. In October 1918, when German defeat was imminent, the Order established a Political Workers' Union, from which the German Workers' Party arose. Individual members of the Order then appeared as speakers in the Workers' Party.
Hitler came across the small, insignificant party during a lecture in September 1919. Soon afterwards, he became the 55th member of the Party. Hitler certainly knew how to use the power of this Order to his advantage. Their patronage and financial support was of decisive importance during the initial period of his race.
The Order was significant to the Nazi movement not just because Hitler assumed control of the German Workers' Party from it. The Grand Master of the Order sold to Hitler to Hitler the Eher publishing house in 1920. Hitler turned the newspaper into the National Observer, which quickly became the most important weapon in the Nazi propaganda arsenal. Hitler also appropriated the Thule Society's emblem, the swastika, as well as the 'Sieg Heil' form of greeting.
The Grand Master claimed that it was his suit of armor that helped Hitler to gain power in a period of time that would otherwise seem unnaturally short.

THE HOUSE OF HABS-BURG.

The House of Habs-Burg, or House of Austria, was one of the most influential Royal Houses of Europe. The progenitor of the House was Gunt-Ram the Rich. He was a Count in Breis-Gau, who lived in the 10th century, and was a member of the noble family of the Eticho-Nids. His grandson Radbot, Count of Habs-Burg founded the Habs-Burg Castle, after which the Habs-Burgs are named.
The origins of the castle's name located in what is now the Swiss canton of Aar-Gau, are uncertain. The Habs-Burg Castle was the family seat in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.
The Eti-Chonids were an important noble family of Frankish, Burgundian or Visigothic origin, who rose to dominate the Region of Alsace, located on France's Eastern border and on the West bank of the Upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland.
By 1500 BC, Celts began to settle in Alsace, clearing and cultivating the land. It should be noted that Alsace is a Plain surrounded by the Vosges Mountains (West) and the Black Forest Mountains (East). It creates Foehn Winds, along with natural irrigation, participates to the fertility of the soil. In a world of agriculture, Alsace has always bee a rich Region which explain why it suffered so many invasions and annexions in its history.
The earliest account records of the family's beginnings is around Dijon, a city in Eastern France in Northern Burgundy. In the mid-7th century a Duke of the Region named Amalgar and his wife Aquilina were noticed as major founders and patrons of monasteries. King Dagobert I and his father made donations to them to recover their loyalty and compensate them for the losses that they had sustained  as supporters of Queen Brunhild and her grandson, Sig-Ebert II. Almagar and his wife founded a convent at Bregille and a abbey at Beze, Eastern France, installing a son and a daughter in the abbacies. They were succeeded by their 3rd child, Adal-Rich, who was the father of Adal-Rich, Duke of Alsace. This 2nd Adal-Rich was the true founder of the family greatness in Alsace, where he secured the Ducal Title. His name, Eticho, a varation od Adal-Rich, is used in modern language.
Under the Eticho-Nids, Alsace was divided into a Nord-Gau and a Sund-Gau. These counties, as well as the monasteries of the Duchy, were brought under tighter control of the dukes with the rise of the Eticho-Nids. There exist concerns whether they were in conflict or alliance with the Carolingians, but it is possible that they were both: opponents of the extension of Charles Martel's authority in the 720s when he first made war on Alemannia, but allies when the Alemanni , under Duke Theu-De-Bald invaded Alsace (which had a large Alemannic element in its population) in the early 740s. The last Eticho-Nid Duke, Liut-Frid, died fighting Theu-De-Bald on behalf of Pepin the Short.
Among the descendants of the Eticho-Nids, in the female line were Hugh of tours and his family, including his daughter Ermen-Gard, who was the wife of Lothair I (eldest son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious) and thus mother of 3 Carolingian kings.
In the 10th century the Eticho-Nids remained powerful in Alsace as Counts, but their power was circumscribed significantly by the Ottonian Dynasty (Saxon Dynasty , successors of the Carolingians in East Francia), and by the 11th century, Pope Leo IX seemed unaware that his ancestors, the lords (or Counts) of Dabo (Northe-Eastern France) and Eguis-Heim (North-Eastern France and Birthplace of the Pope) for the previous half century were direct descendants of the last Eticho-Nides. Many notable European families trace their lineage to the Etchonides.
The Habs-Burgs expanded their influence through arranged marriages and by gaining political privileges, especially Count-ships rights in Zurich-Gau, Aar-Gau, and Thur-Gau. In the 13the centuty, the House aimed its marriage policy at families in Upper Alsace and Swabia. They were also able to gain positions in the Church Hierarchy for their members. Territorially they often profited from the extinction of other noble families such as the House of Ky-Burg (Zurich, Switzerland).
By the 2nd half of the 13th century, Count Rudolph IV (1218-1291) had become one of the most influential territorial lords in the area between the Vosges Mountains and Lake Constance. Due to these impressive pre-conditions, on 1 October 1273 Rudolph was chosen as the King of the Romans and received the name of Rudolph I of Germany. In 1282, the Habs-Burgs gained the rulership of the Duchy of Austria, which they held for over 600 years, until 1918.
The Habs-Burgs sought to consolidate their power by frequent use of consanguineous marriages. They were said to have a proverb that "the best spouse for a Habs-Burg is another Habs-Burg." this resulted in cumulatively deterioration effect on their gene pool. Marriages between first cousins, or between uncle and niece, were commonplace in the family. The inbreeding directly led to their extinction. The gene pool eventually became so small that the last of the Spanish line Charles II, who was severely disable from birth, possessed a genome comparable to taht of a child born to a brother and sister, as did his father, because of remote inbreeding custom of the family. The Austrian branch went extinct in the male line in 1740 with the death of Charles VI and in the female line in 1780 with the death of his daughter Maria Theresa; it was succeeded by the Vaude-Mont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II.
On 6 August 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved under the French Emperor Napoleon I's reorganization of Germany.
On 11 November 1918, with his empire collapsing around him, the last Habs-Burg ruler, Charles I (who also reigned as Charles IV of Hungary) issued a proclamation recognizing Austria's right to determine the future of the state and renouncing any role in state affairs. Two days later, he issued a separate proclamation for Hungary. Even though he did not officially abdicate, this is considered the end of the Habs-Burg Dynasty.

THOMAS EDWARD LAWRENCE.

Thomas Edward Lawrence (16August 1888-19May1935 was born in Tre-Mad-Og, Caer-Narfon-Shire (now Gwynedd), Wales.
Trema-Dog is a village in the community of Porth-Mad-Og, in Gwynedd, North West Wales. It was a planned settlement, founded by William Mad-Ock, who bought the land in 1798.
The Mad-Ocks family had long associations with Wales, traceable back to the time of King Henry II, and William's father inherited property at Llan-Gwyfan and near Wrex-Ham. As William rose to prominence in the legal profession, the family moved to a substantial Jacobean House with its own private theatre in North Cray, Kent, as the Welsh properties were too far away. In the late 18th century, various landowners around the edge of the estuary of the Afon Glas-Lyn(a dangerous place because of the quicksands) began to systematically reclaim land of between 50acres/20ha and 100acres/40ha. Between 1770 and 1800 this resulted in the creation of about 1,500acres/607ha of new land. Around 1798, William bought the Tan-Yr-Allt estate near Pen-Morfa Marsh. Soon afterward he reclaimed an area of sand from the sea and the River by building a 2mi/3.2km earthern bank from Prenteg to Clog-Y-Berth(now Porth-Mad-Og). The Township of Tre-Mad-Og was founded within the new area. The centre of Tre-Mad-Og was complete by 1811 and remains substantially unaltered. William Mad-Ock's main interest was the Village's appearance. He was less interested in the moral reform of the inhabitants. He felt that people had the right to work, educate their children, pray, drink, gamble, save or waste money as they saw fit; and the Town should give its residents opportunities to get own with their own lives, providing that they were congenial neighbors.
Thomas's house, in which he was born, was named Gor-Ph-Wys-Fa, now known as Snow-Don Lodge. His Anglo-Irish father Sir Thomas Chap-Man had left his wife Edith after he fell in love and had a son with Sarah Junner, a young Scotswoman who had been engaged as governess to his daughters.
Sarah was the daughter of Elizabeth Junner and John Lawrence. Lawrence worked as a ship's carpenter and was a son of the household in which Elizabeth had been a servant. She was dismissed 4 months before Sarah was born. (Elizabeth identified Sarah's father as "John Junner-Shipwright JourneyMan").
Sara and Thomas Chap-Man lived in Wales, Brittany, and England under the name "Lawrence." In 1914, he inherited the Chap-Man baronetcy based at Kil-Lua Castle, the ancestral family home in County WestMeath, Ireland; but he and Sarah continued to live in England. They had 5 boys and 1 girl.
Thomas Edward Lawrence and his school-friend Cyril Bee-Son, at the age of 15, bicycled around Berk-Shire, Buck-King-Ham-Shire, and Ox-Ford-Shire, visited almost every Village's parish church, studied their monuments and antiquities, and made rubbings of their monumental brasses. They also monitored building sites in Ox-Ford and presented their finds to the Ash-Molean Museum. Their records specifies that two teenage boys by incessant watchfulness secured everything of antiquarian value which has been found.
From 1907-10, Lawrence studied History at Jesus College, Ox-Ford. In the Summer of 1909, he set out alone on a 3-month walking tour of crusader castles in Ottoman Syria, during which he travelled 1,600km/1000mi on foot. Based on his field research with Beeson in france, notably in Chalus, and his solo research in the Middle East, he submitted a thesis entitled "The influence of the Crusaders on European Military Architecture - to the end of the 12th century. After completing his degree in 1910, he commenced postgraduate research in medieval pottery with a form of scholarship at Magdalen College, Ox-Ford, which he abandoned after he was offered the opportunity to become a practice archaeologist in the Middle East, at Carchemish, in the expedition that D. G. Hogarth was setting on behalf of the British Museum. Lawrence knew Ancient Greek, Arabic, and French. In late 1911, Lawrence was to work with Leonard Woolley and stayed at Carchemish again for 4 excavation seasons, residing in a spacious excavation house, newly built inside the site by himself and Woolley. On January 1914, Woolley and Lawrence were co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey on the Negev Desert. They were funded by the Palestine Exploration Fund to search for an area referred to in the Bible as the "Wilderness of Sin." The Negev was strategically important as, in the event of war, any Otto-Man army attacking Egypt would have to cross it. Lawrence  also visited Aqaba and Petra.
Lawrence's major contribution to the Arab's Revolt was convincing the Arab leaders to coordinate their actions in support of British strategy. Lawrence developed a close relationship with Faisal, whose Arab Northern Army became the main beneficiary of British aid. Lawerence also became involved in the build-up to the capture of Damas-Cus in the final weeks of the war. Lawrence sought to convince his superiors in the British government that Arab independence was in their interests -with mixed success. The secret Sykes-Picot Agreement between france and Britain contradicted the promises of independence that he had made to the Arabs and frustrated his work.
On 17 May 1919, Lawrence survived a crash on a flight to Egypt at the airport of Roman-Centocelle. The pilot and co-pilot were killed.
Lawrence was a keen motorcyclist and had owned 8 Brough Superior motorcycles at different times. At the age of 46, two months after leaving military service, he was fatally injured in an accident on his Brough Superior SS100 in Dorset, South West, England, close to his cottage, Clouds Hill, near Ware-Ham. A dip in the road obstructed his view of 2 boys on their  bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control, and was thrown over the handlebars. He died 6 days later on 19 May 1935.

THE ENCHANTED CASTLE OF THE HEARST FAMILY.

The Hearst Castle is now a National and California Historical Mansion located on the Central Coast of California, United States.
 It was designed (between 1919 and 1947) by Julia Morgan, an architect, for the newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. She was the daughter of Charles Bill Morgan, a mining lover but not a successful man. Her family wealth relied on Albert O. Parmelee, a cotton trader and self-made millionaire, father of Eliza Morgan, her mother. She ran the household with a strong hand, providing young Julia with a role model of womanly competence and independence.
Julia designed more than 700 buildings in California for institutions serving women and girls (YWCA, Mills College) during a long and prolific carrier. She was the 1st woman to be admitted to the L'Ecole Nationale Superieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris, and the 1st woman to be licensed as an architect in Califonia State.
The Castle was built on Rancho Piedra Blanca that George Hearst, father of William, originally bought in 1865, at the age of 45. William grew fond of this site over many childhood family camping trips.
The Region in which the land is located is sparsely populated because of the Santa Lucia Range in coastal central California abuts the Pacific Ocean, providing dramatic seaside vistas but few opportunities for development and transportation.
William inherited the Ranch, which had grown to 1012 km2/250,000 acres and 23 km/14mi of coastline, from his mother Phoebe in 1919, at the age of 56. Although the large Ranch already had a Victorian mansion, the location selected for the "Enchanted Castle" was undeveloped, atop a steep hill whose ascent was a dirty path accessible only by foot or on horseback over 8 km/5mi of cutbacks. William particularly admired a church in Ronda, a city in Spanish Province of Malaga and asked Morgan to pattern the Main Building towers after it. Construction began in 1919 and continued through 1947.
The estate is a work of visual art of historic architectural styles that William admired in his travels around Europe, but its underlying structure is primarily steel reinforced concrete. A private power plant supplied electricity to the remote location. Most of the estate's chandeliers have bare light bulbs, because electrical technology was so new when the Enchanted Castle was built. Morgan devised a gravity-based water delivery system that transport water from artesian wells on the slopes of Pine Mountain, a 1100m/3500ft hugh peak 11km/7mi East of the Castle, to a reservoir on Rocky Butte, a 610m/2000ft knoll less than a mile SouthEast from the Castle.
William was a prolific buyer and built his home to get his bulging collection out of warehouses. This led to incongruous elements, such as the private cinema, whose walls were lined with shelves of rare books. The floor plan of the Main building is chaotic due to his habit of buying centuries-old ceilings, which dictated the proportions and decor of various rooms.
The Castle featured 56 bedrooms, 61 bathrooms, 19 sitting rooms, 0.5 km2/127 acres of gardens, indoor and outdoor swimming pools (The Neptune Pool features an ancient Roman temple front, transported wholesale from Europe and recosntructed at the site), tennis courts, a movie theater, an airfield, and the world's largest private zoo.
Invitations to the Great House were highly coveted during the 1920s and 1930s. The Hollywood and political elite often visited, usually flying into the estate's airfield or taking a private Hearst-owned train car from Los Angeles. Among Hearst's guests were Charlie Chaplin, Cary Grant, the Marx Brothers, Charles Lindbergh, Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Clark Gable, James Steward, Bod Hope, Calvin Coolidge, Franklin Roosevelt, Dolores del Rio, and Winston Churchil. While guests were expected  to attend the formal dinners each evening, they were normally left to their own devices during the day while Hearst directed his business affairs. Since the Great House had so many facilities, guests were rarely at a loss for things to do. The estate's theater usually screened films from Hearst's own movie studio, Cosmopolitan Productions.
William R. Hearst (April 29, 1863-August 14,1951) responsible for the building of the "Enchanted Castle," was born in San Francisco, to George Hearst (September 3,1820-February 28, 1891) of Scots-Irish origin. George, his father, was the son of a farmer which operated 3 mortgaged lands and a local store with the help of slaves. His father supplemented the gaps of his formal education by observing how the local mines were exploited, and reading information about minerals and mining. Eventually this love for mining became his main goal in live and the source of income as a prospector during a time in which the gold rush was on. He enter as a partner of Tevis (banker and capitalist who served as president of Wells Fargo from 1872 to 1892), Hagging (American attorney, rancher, investor and major owner/breeder of  Thoroughbred Horse Racing), Hearst (prospector using self mining education and experience) Corporation, a company that started in California in the 1850s. They had interests in the Comstock Lode and the Ophir mine in Nevada, the Ontario silver mine in Utah, the Pacific mine in Pinos, Altos, New Mexico, the Homestake gold mine in South Dakota (his pursuit of which is dramatized in the HBO (Home Box Office, the cable flagship division of Time Warner, in New York) television series "DeadWood' depicted as a ruthless and borderline sociopathic robber baron, in season 3), the Anaconda Copper mine in Montana, and the source of their immense fortune was Cerro de Pasco, silver mine in Peru. After the Cerro de Pasco continuing exploitation the Corporation grew to be the largest private mining firm in the United States.
In 1860, at the age of 40, he married a girl of 18, neighbor of his mother's home town in Missouri. They moved to San Francisco, and his wife, gave bird to their only son, William Randolph Hearst.
William's life story was the main inspiration for the development of the lead character in Orson Well's film "Citizen Kane."
When William's father died in Washington DC, his mother donated a great deal of his fortune to help found new libraries at several and now very prestige universities. The Hearst Mining Building on the Berkeley campus is dedicated to his memory. George Hearst character is portrayed in the 1964 episode "The Paper Dynasty" of the syndicated western television series "Death Valley Days," hosted by Stanley Andrews.
The "Enchanted Hill" as William used to call it, was built on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, which is home to a large Northern Elephant Seal Rockery, known as White Stones Rookery in central California, halfway (400km/250mi from both) between Los Angeles and San Francisco. The estate itself is 8 km/5mi inland atop a hill of the Santa Lucia Range at an altitude of 490m/1600ft.
It was donated to the state of California in 1957, and is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark, open for public tours. It has a considerable collection of art and antiques.

THE HONORABLE GEORGE HEARST.

George Hearst (September 3, 1820-February 28, 1891) was a wealthy business-man and United States Senator, and the father of news-paper-man William Randolph Hearst.
George, of Scots-Irish origin, was born near Sullivan, Missouri, to William Hearst and Elizabeth Collins. Sullivan is a city that straddles the border of Franklin County and Craw-Ford County.
Franklin County is named after one of the founder fathers of the United States, Benjamin Franklin. The area was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds on both sides of the Mississippi River.
George was raised in a log cabin on his family's farm in rural Franklin County. His father operated 3 small farms (all mortgaged) with the help of slaves. William, the father, sold his products in his own local general store. George grew up before public education was widely accessible in Missouri, and so his elementary education was inconsistent and fragmented. He supplemented the gaps in his formal education by observing the local mines, and reading information about minerals and mining in his free time.
When his father died in 1846, he took over the care of his mother, brother and sister, at the age of 26. In addition, he did some mining and continuing running his father general store. He first heard of the discovery of gold in California in 1849. Before departing, he continued to read further news on the subject. In 1850, at the age of 30, as a member of a party of 16, he left for California. Using his self- mining education and experience in Missouri, he switched to quartz mines. After almost 10 years, George was making a decent living as a mineral prospector (physical labour involving traversing on foot or horse, panning, sifting and outcrop investigation, looking for signs of mineralization), and otherwise engaged in running a general store, raising livestock and farming in Nevada County, Sierra Nevada, California.
In the summer of 1859, at the age of 39, he learned of wonderful silver assays and hurried over to the Wa-Shoe District of Western Utah territory. There he arranged to buy a one-sixth interest in the Ophir mine there (now Virginia City). George then knew Marcus Daly from the Com-Stock Lode (deposit of ore embedded in a fissure or crack in a rock formation) work.  A lode of silver was found under the Eastern slope of Mount David-Son, a peak in the Virginia Range in Nevada, then Utah Territory. It was the 1st major discovery of silver in the United States. After the discovery was made public in 1859, it sparked a silver rush of prospectors to the area, scrambling to stake their claims. It brought considerable excitement in California and throughout the United States. The greatest since the California Gold Rush in 1849.
That Winter of 1859, George Hearst and his partners managed to mine 38 tons of high-grade silver ore, packed it across the Sierra on mule-back, had it smelted in San Francisco, and made $91,000 profit (or roughly $3'550,000 in 2016 dollars). As a partner in the company that started in California in the 1850s and headed by San Francisco lawyer James Ben Ali Haggin and Lloyd Tevis, it grew to be the largest private firm of mine-owners in the United States. George acquired the reputation of being one of the most expert prospector and judge of mining property on the Pacific Coast, and contributed to the development of the modern processes of quartz and other kinds of mining. One of his biggest investments was in the Cerro de Pasco Silver mine in the central Highland Region of Peru, that became the biggest source of his fortune.
George returned to Missouri in 1860 in order to take care for his ailing mother and some legal disputes. During this time, he became reacquainted with a younger neighbor, a girl of 18, whom the 40-year-old George married on June 15, 1862, and moved to San Francisco. She gave birth to their only child, William Randolph Hearst, April 29,1863. He became member of the California State Assembly that lasted only a year, but open the door to be involved in the special Committee on Mines and Mining Interests. He unsuccessfully ran for Governor of california in 1882. George maintained a strong political relationship with Central Pacific Railroad, an important tool for the movement of his precious minerals. As a hobby he owned a thoroughbred horse racing stable. One of his better known horses was Jerome Handicap winner, Tournament. In 1895 he acquired Rancho Piedra Blanca at San Simeon, California. He later bought parts of adjoining ranchos, and this land became the site of the famed Hearst Castle, located on the Central coast of California. Invitations to the Hearst Castle were highly coveted during the 1920s and 1930s. The Hollywood and political elite often visited, usually flying into the estate's airfield or taking a private Hearst-owned train car from Los Angeles. The estate's theater screened films from Hearst's own movie studio, Cosmopolitan Productions.
George Hearst died at the age of 70 in Washington DC on February 28, 1891. He wife inherited all her husband's fortune. She donated a great deal of it to help found new libraries at several universities. The Hearst Memorial Mining Building on the Berkeley campus is dedicated to his memory.
In Film and Television the actor Barry Kelley portrayed George Hearst in the 1964 episode "The Paper Dynasty" of the syndicated western television series "Death Valley Days," hosted by Stanley Andrews. James Hampton played William Randolph Hearst and James Lanphier (1920-1969), Ambrose Bierce.
Gerald McRaney portrayed Hearst on the HBO television series Deadwood. He is depicted in season 3 as a ruthless and borderline socio-pathic robber baron.

LUDWIG FEUERBACH

Ludwig Andreas Von FeuerBach (28 July 1804-13 September 1872) was a German Philosopher and anthropologist best known for his book "The Essence of Christianity," which provided a critique  of Christianity which strongly influenced generations of later Thinkers, including both Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels. Many of his philosophical writings offered a critical analysis of religion. His thought was influential in the development of Dialectical Materialism, where he is often recognized as a Bridge between Hegel and Marx.
Dialectical Materialism is a Philosophy of Science and Nature inspired by dialectic and materialistic philosophical traditions. It lies in the concept of the Evolution of the Natural World.
The term "Dialectical Materialism" was coined in 1887, by Joseph DietzGen, a socialist tanner who corresponded with marx, during and after the failed 1848 German Revolution. DietzGen, as a writer, constructed the theory independently of Marx and Engels.
Marx and Engels each began their adulthood as "Young Hegelians," one of several groups of "intellectuals" inspired by Hegel. Both soon concluded that Hegel's thinking was too abstract in explaining social injustice in the recent industrialized countries such as Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, in the early 1840s.
An associate of Left Hegelian Circles, FeuerBach advocated Liberalism, Atheism, and Materialism.

MICHEL FOCAULT

Michel Focault (1926-1984), a French Philosopher- Historian, is often described as one of the most influential Thinkers of the Modern Age. His work profoundly influences the way we think about society, in particular how we understand "Social Power," "The Self," and "The Body."
The 3 major aspects of his philosophy distinguished Knowledge, Power, and Subjectivity as lines which run through the social apparatuses and come from multilinear ensembles with series of variables which supplant one another and only when they enter in a crisis is when they discover new dimensions, and new lines.
Focault talked about these lines as of sedimentation and at the same time as of lines of breakage and lines of fracture. He believed that in the process of untangling these lines within a social apparatus it was  like drawing up a map, or doing cartography, or surveying unknown landscapes and named it "Working on the ground."  He believed that the human being has to position oneself on these lines by themselves, these same lines did not define the social apparatus, they just run through it and pulled at it, from North to South, and East to West, or diagonally.
"A Critique," he said, "is not a matter of saying that things are not right as they are. Critique is a matter or Pointing Out on What Kinds of Assumptions, What Kinds of Familiar, Unchallenged, Unconsidered Modes of Thought, the Practices that we accept, rest." (Foucault).
"Bio-Power," in his understanding, referred to the "mechanisms" employed by the "Super-Powers" to manage the population and discipline of the individuals. "Biological Life" was mere political event : population reproduction  and disease control were central to economic processes and therefore subject to political control. He observed that since the 17th century, the way in which the population was managed shifted from a repressive to a constructive approach The Sovereign's power over Life were gradually replaced from killing or abstaining to kill to the power of promote Life using methods of control and coercion for the "productivity and health" of the human bodies and population, based on the view of them as "resources and manageable objects." It was the first time in history that the biological power concentrated on forming Life instead of just deciding about death; biological and political existence started to interface with each other. The body became focus of analysis as an individual entity and no longer was an indi-sociable and collective entity. Viewing this process from a social constructionist perspective, the individual body was "invented" at the beginning of the 18th century
Focault views about Religion states that it is not delusional by Nature, nor that the individual, beyond present-day Religion, rediscovers his most inner psychological origins. Under this concept then "Religious delusion"is the product of a dysfunctional secularization of our today society.
Insofar the concept of Religion could be defined as the object of delusional beliefs in the present context of experience, as much as group of individuals with the same level of reasoning no longer permit the assimilation of the mystical beliefs that defined the spiritual lives of the individuals in the ancient past that found themselves in the same spiritual religious context.
Therefore for Focault,  Enlightenment did not exist, because Reason is embedded in socio-historical conditions and there is no rational unfolding of History in any developmental or improving Religious common sense. Neither Reason then nor History offers really a religious liberation to the human kind. Persisting in that ideology just drives us to the Abyss.
What Focault advocated in his philosophy was that the most important aspect of Power is not the control exercised by certain strong individuals over certain weak individuals, but rather, the control that all individuals exercise over themselves and others through widely accepted forms of organized behaviour. He said:"We have yet to fully comprehend the Nature of Power and therefore we should investigate "the relays through which it operates and the extent of its influence on the often significant aspects of the hierarchy."

WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON

NewMont Mining Corporation was founded in 1916 in New York by William Boyce Thompson (May 13, 1869 - June 27, 1930), as a diversified holding company to invest in Worldwide mineral, oil, and related goods. In 1929, NewMont became a Mining Company. By 1939, NewMont was operating 12 Gold Mines in North America. Around the middle of the 20th century, the company had a controlling interest in the Tsumeb mine in Namibia. and in the O'Okiep Copper Company in NamaquaLand, South Africa.
Born in Virginia in May 13, 1869, William was raised in the rough mining towns of South West Montana. During the 1890s William joined his father, one-time mayor of Butte, in Montana mining and lumber ventures, before moving East to become a mine promoter and stock broker.
Tsumeb ("Place of the Moss' Spirits" of "Place of the Frog' Spirits) is the largest Town in Osh-Ikoto Region in Northern Namibia. The place is notable because of the huge mineralized Pipe that led to its foundation. The Pipe penetrates vertically through the Pre-Cambrian Otavi dolomite for 1300 meters. The Pipe looks like a gigantic ancient cave system and was mined in prehistoric times but those ancient workers had respect for the forces of Nature and barely scratched the surface.
The site of the use to be "Deep Mine" was located in there and in William's heyday was known simply as "The Tsumed Mine." After it was mined out of all its resources it was renamed "The Ongolo Mine." The name had a direct connection to the "Huge Natural Hill" of green, oxidized Copper Ore existing there before it became disgraced by the hand of the New-Mont Corporation who also mined it out at the point that the Ore at depth ran out. That action provoked a flooding in the main shafts by ground water over a kilometre deep and the water had to be collected and pumped as far as the Capital, Wind-Hoek, only then the Company left the Mine that used to be a beautiful Hill and the pride of the locals.
Tsumeb as a place is the "GateWay to the North" of Namibia and the city still holds the pride of having the World's most prolific mineralogical sites. They are unsurpassed in variety and quality of form. At least 170 mineral species have been cataloged, 20 of them are found nowhere else.
The first Europeans that arrived to the area were Francis Galton (an English citizen) and Carl Johan Anderson (a Swedish notable hunter, and trader of Southern Africa, mostly Namibia) in 1851. Through them the place became known to the greedy ones interested in exploiting its resources and become rich.
Tsumeb also is notable because of the huge mineralized Pipe that led to its foundation. It penetrates vertically through the PreCambrian Otavi dolomite for 1300m. The Pipe looks like a gigantic ancient Cave System and was mined in prehistoric times but those ancient workers that had respect for Nature and barely scratched the Surface.
Most of the many millions of Tonnes of Ore of spectacular grade, removed by the NewMont Company by cut-and-fill methods, was famous for its richness. The Ore was so rich that it was sent straight to the Smelter situated, as usual, near the town, without first having to be processed through the mineral enrichment plant. Obviously without any regard of the environmental pollution, and the welfare of the local inhabitants, this company made millions of dollars of Personal Profit, selling its goods worldwide.
The name "New-Mont" holds the prefixes of "New"(York) and "Mon"(Montana) reflecting where William started his firsts steps in the financing World that led to his fortune (New York) and the place from where he was born and grew up in the early stages of his life (Montana).
After he became a mining promoter, soon he found his way in politics with international ramifications. He reached prominence in the Republican party, and became a promoter of Western support for the revolutionary government of Russia. He visited Russia before the revolution  and again in 1918 just after the revolution. The effects of crop failure and starvation were rampant. Thompson arrived there as a member of an American Red Cross relief mission that encouraged the formation of a democratic government. He added 1 million of his own money to the relief funds and was able to rally other financers including J.P. Morgan to aid the effort. The government fell and the Bolsheviks came to power. The Russian experienced convinced William that agriculture, food supply, and justice were linked. World political stability in the future, he prophesied, would depend on the availability of food.
William gave money to the Bolsheviks to undermine the militarism regimes of the General Empires. The mission was in fact a Wall Street mission of financiers to influence and pave the way for control whatever its ideology.
Soon after William found his rightful partner, George E. Gunn (a natural of Ohio who had worked his way up to be a mine superintendent), the two became a powerful team. Gunn the mine finder was the perfect match for Thompson the financier. Gunn had the talent and was working with Guggen-heim Exploration, mine finders, and Thompson had the connections to finance working with Hayden, Stone&Company brokerage. The Gunn-Thompson partnership claimed the discovery of vast Copper Deposits that revolutionized Western America, and reaped for themselves the money they needed for international investments.
William died from pneumonia in June 27, 1930 at the age of 61, and was buried at Sleepy Hollow, New York, a final resting place of numerous famous figures. It is a contiguous with, but separate from, the churchyard of the Old Dutch Church, the colonial-era church that was the setting for "the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The Rockefeller family state (Kykuit), whose grounds have a common boundary with the cemetery, contains the private Rockefeller cemetery.
NewMont Mining Corporation now is based in GreenWood Village, Colorado, USA. Now it is one of the World's largest producers of Gold, with active Gold Mines in Peru (Yanacocha, Cajamarca, the biggest of all), Ghana, New Zealand, Australia, Indonesia and Nevada. NewMont employs 34,000 employees and contractors Worldwide. Others metals that the company exploits include Copper and Silver.
The Company NewMont Corporation is responsible for the huge damage that is being done to Nature due to the over-exhausting its Natural Resources at the point of Polluting Air, Earth, and Water.
Fire is finding its way to restore balance through Volcanic activity and it is what Nature desperately needs to balance climate issues and avoid huge famines. Everyone is affected by the consequences of the desecration of nature just because the greedy and evil ways of the ones responsible for this do not want to change their ways.